譯文（字數 6684）：

1 引言

煤礦井下或其他地面最嚴重的危險是具有著火、爆炸危險的設備。這些不經常發生，但是這些可能造成慘重的生命、財產和礦產儲量的損失，而且小事故太頻繁。煤礦火災事件數量沒有下降，盡管在煤礦環境設計和危險控制方面有了較大的改進。這些導致了兩個問題，第一個是各種新型材料進入現代煤礦，從樹脂和塑料到液體燃料和液壓液；另一個因素是不斷增加的機械化程度，許多機械包含著易燃的液體和物質，當過熱時能產生有毒煙霧。在十八世紀和十九世紀期間，煤礦火災和爆炸導致了巨大的生產損失，人們怪罪到那個世紀的工程師和科學家。盡管在二十世紀80年代煤礦火災仍是一個迫切需要解決的課題。

煤礦火災和爆炸中大部分人之死不是由燃燒和爆炸導致的，而是吸入毒氣，特別是一氧化碳。井下和地面建筑產生的火災有兩個不同點。第一點是距離長，常常有幾千米，那里的人可能通過充滿煙霧的巷道。第二點是通風路線受風巷和工作面邊界的限制，風流和火的習性，兩者密切的相互作用。

這些對于沒有經驗的人是困難的，包括完全隔離的感覺和迷失的方向時憑感覺通過長長的充滿煙霧零可見度的風巷。在沒有照明的回風巷關閉礦燈不行是一個很好的訓練，即使沒有嚴重污染空氣的損失。

所以，一個正在進行的重要事情是地下開采設計和施工全部人員應該有關于預防和發現井下火災的知識，以及人員預警系統，逃亡路線，滅火（消防）方案，有毒氣體，培訓，消防訓練和對于火災緊急事件迅速反應是至關重要的。在這個章節有些討論。

外文原文（字符數 22591）：

1. Introduction

The most feared of hazards in underground mines or other subsurface facilities are those of fires and explosions. Like airplane crashes, these do not occur often but, when they do, have the potential of causing disastrous loss of life and property as well as a temporary or permanent sterilization of mineral reserves. Furthermore, “near-misses” occur all too frequently .the incidence of min fires appears not to be declining despite greatly improved methods of mine environmental design and hazard control .this is a consequence of two matters .first the growing variety of material that are imported into modern mine workings, varying from resins and plastics to liquid fuels and hydraulic fluids. a second factor is the conations increase in the employment of mechanized procedures, mange of the matching involving flammable liquids and materials that can produce toxic fumes when over-heated .the enormous loss of life due to mine fires and explosions during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries preoccupied the minds of mining engineers and scientists of the time .through the 1980’s, mine fires reemerged as a topic of pressing research need.

The majority of deaths arising from mine fires and explosions are caused, not by burning or blast effects, but by the inhalation of toxic gases, in particular, carbon monoxide. There are two major differences between underground fires and those that occur in surface structures. The first concerns the long distances, often several kilometers that personnel might be required to travel in passageways that may be smoke-filed. Secondly, the ventilation routes are bounded by the confines of the airways and workings, causing closely coupled interactions between the airflows and behavior of the fire.